Preface ix
Introduction xi
General Aims of Understanding and Using English xi
Grammar
Classroom Techniques xi
Suggestions for Presenting the Grammar Charts xi
Degrees of Teacher and Student Involvement xiii
Interactive Group and Pair Work xiii
Monitoring Errors in Interactive Work xiv
Techniques for Exercise Types xiv
Fill-in-the-Blanks and Controlled Completion xiv
Exercises
Open Completion Exercises xvi
Transformation and Combination Exercises xvi
Oral Exercises xvii
Writing Exercises xviii
Error-Analysis Exercises xviii
Pretest Exercises xviii
Discussion-of-Meaning Exercises xix
Games and Activities xix
Pronunciation Exercises xix
Seatwork xix
Homework xx
Using the Workbook xx
Practice Tests in the Workbook xx
Supplementary Resource Texts xxi
Notes on American vs. British English xxi
Differences in Grammar xxi
Differences in Spelling xxi
Differences in Vocabulary xxii
Key to Pronunciation Symbols xxiii
The Phonetic Alphabet (Symbols for American xxiii
English)
Consonants xxiii
Vowels xxiii
Notes and Answers 1 (1)
Overview of Verb Tenses 1 (7)
The Simple Tenses 3 (1)
The Progressive Tenses 3 (1)
The Perfect Tenses 3 (1)
The Perfect Progressive Tenses 3 (1)
Summary Chart of Verb Tenses 3 (3)
Spelling of -ING and -ED Forms 6 (2)
Present and Past, Simple and Progressive 8 (11)
Simple Present 9 (1)
Present Progressive 9 (1)
Stative Verbs 10 (1)
Am/is/are Being + Adjective 11 (1)
Regular and Irregualr Verbs 12 (1)
Regular Verbs: Pronunciation of -ED Endings 12 (1)
Irregular Verbs: An Alphabetical List 13 (2)
Troublesome Verbs: Raise/Rise, Set/Sit, 15 (1)
Lay/Lie
Simple Past 15 (1)
Past Progressive 15 (2)
Using Progressive Verbs with Always to 17 (1)
Complain
Using Expressions of Place with Progressive 17 (2)
Verbs
Perfect and Perfect Progressive Tenses 19 (10)
Present Perfect 20 (3)
Present Perfect Progressive 23 (2)
Past Perfect 25 (1)
Past Perfect Progressive 25 (4)
Future Time 29 (6)
Simple Future: Will and Be Going to 30 (1)
Will vs. Be Going to 30 (1)
Expressing the Future in Time Clauses 31 (1)
Using the Present Progressive and the 32 (1)
Simple Present to Express Future Time
Future Progressive 33 (1)
Future Perfect 33 (1)
Future Perfect Progressive 33 (2)
Adverb Clauses of Time and Summary of Verb 35 (8)
Tenses
Adverb Clauses of Time: Form 38 (1)
Using Adverb Clauses to Show Time 39 (4)
Relationships
Subject-Verb Agreement 43 (9)
Final -S/-ES: Use, Pronunciation and 44 (3)
Spelling
Basic Subject-Verb Agreement 47 (1)
Subject-Verb Agreement: Using Expressions 48 (1)
of Quantity
Subject-Verb Agreement: Using There + Be 48 (1)
Subject-Verb Agreement: Some Irregularities 49 (3)
Nouns 52 (13)
Regular and Irregular Plural Nouns 54 (1)
Possessive Nouns 55 (1)
Using Nouns as Modifiers 55 (1)
Count and Noncount Nouns 56 (1)
Noncount Nouns 57 (1)
Some Common Noncount Nouns 57 (1)
Basic Article Usage 58 (1)
General Guidelines for Article Usage 58 (2)
Expressions of Quantity 60 (2)
Using A Few and Few; A Little and Little 62 (1)
Using of in Expressions of Quantity 63 (1)
All (of) and Both (of) 63 (1)
Singular Expressions of Quantity: One, 64 (1)
Each, Every
Pronouns 65 (10)
Personal Pronouns 66 (1)
Personal Pronouns: Agreement with Generic 67 (1)
Nouns and Indefinite Pronouns
Personal Pronouns: Agreement with 68 (1)
Collective Nouns
Reflexive Pronouns 69 (1)
Using You, One, and They as Impersonal 70 (1)
Pronouns
Forms of Other 71 (1)
Common Expressions with Other 71 (4)
Modals, Part 1 75 (12)
Introduction 76 (1)
Polite Requests with I as the Subject 77 (1)
Polite Requests with You as the Subject 77 (1)
Polite Requests with Would You Mind 77 (2)
Expressing Necessity: Must, Have to, Have 79 (1)
Got to
Lack of Necessity and Prohibition: Have to 79 (1)
and Must in the Negative
Advisability: Should, Ought to, had Better 80 (2)
The Past Form of Should 82 (1)
Expectations: Be Supposed to 83 (2)
Making Suggestions: Let's, Why Don't, Shall 85 (1)
I/We
Making Suggestions: Could vs. Should 86 (1)
Modals, Part 2 87 (13)
Degrees of Certainty: Present Time 88 (1)
Degrees of Certainty: Present Time Negative 89 (1)
Degrees of Certainty: Past Time 90 (1)
Degrees of Certainty: Future Time 91 (1)
Progressive Forms of Modals 92 (2)
Ability: Can and Could 94 (1)
Using Would to Express a Repeated Action in 95 (1)
the Past
Expressing Preference: Would Rather 95 (1)
Combining Modals With Phrasal Modals 96 (1)
Summary Chart of Modals and Similar 97 (3)
Expressions
The Passive 100 (14)
Forming the Passive 101 (1)
Using the Passive 102 (2)
Indirect Objects as Passive Subjects 104 (1)
The Passive Form of Modals and Phrasal 105 (3)
Modals
Stative Passive 108 (1)
Common Stative Passive Verbs + Prepositions 109 (2)
The Passive with Get 111 (1)
Participial Adjectives 111 (3)
Noun Clauses 114 (15)
Introduction 115 (1)
Noun Clauses Beginning with a Question Word 115 (2)
Noun Clauses Beginning with Whether or If 117 (2)
Question Words Followed by Infinitives 119 (1)
Noun Clauses Beginning with That 119 (3)
Quoted Speech 122 (1)
Reported Speech: Verb Forms in Noun Clauses 123 (4)
Using the Subjunctive in Noun Clauses 127 (1)
Using -Ever Words 128 (1)
Adjective Clauses 129 (19)
Introduction 130 (1)
Adjective Clauses Pronouns Used as the 130 (1)
Subject
Adjective Clauses Pronouns Used as the 131 (1)
Object of a Verb
Adjective Clause Pronouns Used as the 132 (1)
Object of a Preposition
Usual Patterns of Adjective Clauses 133 (2)
Using Whose 135 (1)
Using Where in Adjective Clauses 136 (1)
Using When in Adjective Clauses 136 (2)
Using Adjective Clauses to Modify Pronouns 138 (1)
Punctuating Adjective Clauses 139 (1)
Using Expressions of Quantity in Adjective 140 (1)
Clauses
Using Noun + Of Which 141 (1)
Using Which to Modify a Whole Sentence 141 (2)
Reducing Adjective Clauses to Adjective 143 (1)
Phrases: Introduction
Changing an Adjective Clause to an 143 (5)
Adjective Phrase
Gerunds and Infinitives, Part 1 148 (13)
Gerunds: Introduction 149 (1)
Using Gerunds as the Objects of Prepositions 149 (1)
Common Preposition Combinations Followed by 150 (1)
Gerunds
Common Verbs Followed by Gerunds 151 (1)
Go + Gerund 152 (1)
Special Expressions Followed by -Ing 153 (1)
Common Verbs Followed by Infinitives 154 (2)
Common Verbs Followed by Either Infinitives 156 (1)
or Gerunds
Reference List of Verbs Followed by Gerunds 157 (1)
Reference List of Verbs Followed by 157 (1)
infinitives
It + Infinitive; Gerunds and Infinitives as 158 (3)
Subjects
Gerunds and Infinitives, Part 2 161 (12)
Infinitive of Purpose: In Order to 162 (1)
Adjectives Followed by Infinitives 162 (1)
Using Infinitives with Too and Enough 163 (2)
Passive and Past Forms of Infinitives and 165 (1)
Gerunds
Using Gerunds or Passive Infinitives 165 (1)
Following Need
Using a Possessive to Modify a Gerund 166 (2)
Using Verbs of Perception 168 (1)
Using the Simple Form After Let and Help 169 (1)
Using Causative Verbs: Make, Have, Get 169 (4)
Coordinating Conjunctions 173 (8)
Parallel Structure 174 (2)
Paired Conjuctions: Both...and; Not 176 (2)
Only...But Also; Either...or; Neither...Nor
Combining Independent Clauses with 178 (3)
Coordinating Conjunctions
Adverb Clauses 181 (9)
Introduction 182 (1)
Using Adverb Clauses to Show Cause and 183 (1)
Effect
Expressing Contrast (Unexpected Result): 184 (1)
Using Even Though
Showing Direct Contrast: While and Whereas 185 (1)
Expressing Conditions in Adverb Clauses: 186 (1)
If-Clauses
Adverb Clauses of Condition: Using Whether 186 (1)
Or Not and Even If
Adverb Clauses of Condition: Using In Case 187 (1)
and In The Event (That)
Adverb Clauses of Condition: Using Unless 188 (1)
Adverb Clauses of Condition: Using Only If 188 (2)
Reduction of Adverb Clauses to Modifying 190 (6)
Adverbial Phrases
Introduction 190 (1)
Changing Time Clauses to Modifying 190 (1)
Adverbial Phrases
Expressing the Idea of ``During the Same 191 (1)
Time'' in Modifying Adverbial Phrases
Expressing Cause and Effect in Modifying 192 (2)
Adverbial Phrases
Using Upon + -Ing in Modifying Adverbial 194 (2)
Phrases
Connectives that Express Cause and Effect, 196 (19)
Contrast, and Condition
Using Because of and Due to 197 (1)
Using Transitions to Show Cause and Effect: 198 (1)
Therefore and Consequently
Summary of Patterns and Punctuation 199 (2)
Other Ways of Expressing Cause and Effect: 201 (1)
Such...That and So...That
Expressing Purpose: Using So That 202 (2)
Showing Contrast (Unexpected Result) 204 (2)
Showing Direct Contrast 206 (1)
Expressing Conditions: Using Otherwise and 207 (1)
Or (Else)
Summary of Connectives: Cause and Effect, 208 (7)
Contrast, Condition
Conditional Sentences and Wishes 215 (12)
Overview of Basic Verb Forms Used in 216 (1)
Conditional Sentences
True in the Present of Future 216 (1)
Untrue (Contrary to Fact) in the Present or 216 (2)
Future
Untrue (Contrary to Fact) in the Past 218 (2)
Using Progressive Verb Forms in Conditional 220 (1)
Sentences
Using ``Mixed Time'' in Conditional 220 (1)
Sentences
Omitting If 221 (1)
Implied Conditions 221 (2)
Using As If/As Though 223 (1)
Verb Forms Following Wish 224 (1)
Using Would to Make Wishes About the Future 225 (2)
APPENDIX SUPPLEMENTARY GRAMMAR UNITS 227 (16)
Unit A: Basic Grammar Terminology 229 (4)
A-1 Subjects, Verbs, and Objects 229 (1)
A-2 Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases 230 (1)
A-3 Adjectives 231 (1)
A-4 Adverbs 231 (1)
A-5 The Verb Be 232 (1)
A-6 Linking Verbs 232 (1)
Unit B: Questions 233 (4)
B-1 Forms of Yes/No and Information 233 (1)
Questions
B-2 Question Words 234 (1)

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